![]() Bacteria embedded in crystalline biofilms become highly resistant to conventional antimicrobials as well as the immune system. This leads to catheter encrustation and blockage and, in most cases, is accompanied by urine retention and ascending UTIs. ![]() mirabilis biofilms that build up on catheter surfaces is their crystalline nature owing to their ureolytic biomineralization. Such factors may include adhesion proteins, quorum sensing molecules, lipopolysaccharides, efflux pumps, and urease enzyme. ![]() mirabilis expresses a number of virulence factors. Its ability to cause such infections is mostly related to the formation of biofilms on catheter surfaces. Proteus mirabilis is a Gram negative bacterium that is a frequent cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).
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